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This landscape in Navajo Sandtone in Arizona (USA) also results from a complicated interaction of processes, including groundwater sapping that causes the undermining of the sandstone which produced the deep alcoves, solution of the calcite cementing the sandstone which permits grain-by-grain surface removal of sand grains by wind and water, and gravitational-induced sheeting and other fractures that aid mass wasting and influence the pattern of surficial weathering.